Hand-wrought construction is simply completely different to cast-iron objects, which are made in a mould. I realize the worse case is this may cause a leak of muratic acid that I will have to trap and contain. Use a water-dampened rag to wipe the surface clean and to stop the vinegar from further corroding the surface. are some powerful chemical drain cleaners that will clean your drains quickly and also, will remove the rust. Flaking paint or rusty patches on cast iron that's otherwise in good condition, can readily be restored. Hydro-jetting Not long ago, clogged sewer lines were snaked using long, steel augers. The vinegar solution will dissolve the rust, but once thats gone, it can penetrate further and start eating away at the original castsurface of the pan, the ultimate death sentence for your skillet. Enjoy! By Donna Boyle Schwartz and Bob Vila | Updated Oct 22, 2020 7:18 PM. The only thing troublesome thing I am willing to put up with for 40 years is my wife. In either case, you'll want to apply rust remover and/or lubricant around the edges of the drain cover and allow it to soak in. The clog in question is in a cast iron tee which connects to the stack. Depending on how much rust there is on the stove, use either steel wool for smaller spots or a wire scraper for leverage when cleaning larger areas. In extreme cases, using the self-cleaning function on your oven will burn off the rust coating your cast iron pan. To learn how to remove rust from cast iron using vinegar, keep reading! I know. It can be removed using salt if it's a small amount of rust. Set it on thestovetop overlow heat for a few minutes to dry it further. This will happen if too much oil is used to season your cast iron or if you didnt heat it for a long enough time. Hopefully, you loved these tips for cleaning your rusty skillet as much as you love your cast iron cookware. This is a much more complicated and expensive task. Visit our corporate site. Wipe with oil after drying to maintain a good non-stick seasoning. In some households, you need to know how to remove rust from cast iron stoves or how to remove rust from bathtub, as well. Also, save on select accessories. The current one in the pic below is all rusted out and crumbling. Check the pan every 15 minutes or so and remove it from the solution once the rust easily flakes away. Rinse it thoroughly with warm water when done cleaning, then dry on the stove. Some can be purchased very cheaply; however, damage is a crucial factor, says Allum. Chat with, call,or email our friendly Customer Care Associates. In some cases you will need to apply a primer first read the instructions carefully. Take a scouring pad and lightly scrub along the grain of the stainless steel to remove the rust. A little (or a lot) of rust on your cast iron cookware is no reason to panic. We use cookies to make wikiHow great. After applying the mixture leave it for a few hours. (Keep paint handy for touch-ups, like spot treating any scratches or chips that may crop up.). If so, please share how to remove rust from cast iron with friends and family on Pinterest and Facebook. If you value these features, it's well worth the higher price. You may need more than one application, and may need to use a stiff brush to get into the details. See: How to clean a cast iron skillet Rust patches can be removed using steel wool or fine sandpaper, rubbed in a circular motion. Closely follow the instructions to apply the paint stripper, leave it to work for the specified time, then scrape off the paint using a scraper. You can buy and use with confidence. Follow these simple steps to refurbish your cast iron finish, and you'll be cooking for decades to come. For one gallon of cleaning solution (just enough to clean an average-sized tool or a few horseshoes), you need either 1 gallon of vinegar or 1/3 cup of citric acid mixed with tap water. It was traditionally used for architectural elements, such as grates and balconies even the Eiffel tower is made of wrought iron. You can also do it in a heavy duty plastic tub if needed. Rust patches can be removed using steel wool or fine sandpaper, rubbed in a circular motion. Rust is caused by water contact, so when buildup starts to affect drainage, rusting can begin. This drain system has been troublesome for over 40 years and has had several treatments with liquid drano over the years. Luckily, if you notice rust on cast iron, there are plenty of ways to remove it. Seasoning is the final step to restore cast iron pans. Bath Often, repeating these methods with the addition of lubricant and rust remover will eventually loosen the cover. Brush dirt, rust and loose paint from the antique cast iron with a stiff wire brush. This works particularly well for items with repeat sections, such as railings or balustrades. It is draining slowly after pouring 3 gallons of vinegar and letting it set over night. Make sure they are tight. This drain carries waste from bathroom sinks that are 8 feet way but have 14 feet of 2 cast iron pipe before reaching the stack.. If rust does make its way onto your drain cover, Home Depot explains that you can remove it with an abrasive tool like steel wool or the head of a flat-head screwdriver as soon as you see it. While you're shopping, become a Pan Fan today and sign up for our newsletter! As editor of Period Living, Britain's best-selling period homes magazine, Melanie loves the charm of older properties. For a few rust spots, a salt scrub will do, but for bigger jobs, you may need to throw everything you know about cast iron out the window. Place it in a 350-degree oven for 1 hour. If you are restoring a fireplace that has damaged or flaking paintwork, then this will need to be removed with paint stripper. Vinegar can also be used - mix equal parts of white vinegar and water and soak the item for up to eight hours, checking regularly, until all the rust is gone. To prime your cast iron fireplace for its final finish, use fine wire wool, but avoid cleaning the surface with water. Never put it in the dishwasher or use soap. A larger amount of rust may require a vinegar soak. Step 2 Dry thoroughly Completely dry your cast iron skillet with a paper towel or lint-free cloth. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Have you had a pro come in with a big power snake and have a go at it? In the future, make an effort to care for your cast iron to minimize rust. As the paint wears away, the metal will be exposed to the elements and can form a powdery coating. High QualityThe cast iron septic tank lid is full of material and fine grinding. If you're dealing with minor surface rust, you can probably skip this step, opting instead to use a scouring pad or kitchen towel to rub about . 4. James Sears leads the customer happiness team at Neatly, a group of cleaning gurus based in Los Angeles and Orange County, California. Whether you need a 5" cover up to a 12" cover, you'll find it here, and with the largest selection of plumbing products on the Internet, you're sure to find what you've been searching for on PlumbingSupply.com ! Cast iron can be difficult and uneconomic to repair, so if a decorative section is completely missing, there is little hope of repairing it. Any suggestions on how best to remove the rust and what to use to paint or coat it would be much appreciated. In the future, make an effort to care for your cast iron to minimize rust. This also allows moisture to settle in the pan and eventually cause rust. Preheat the oven to 500F. 'Specialist firms can take moulds from cleaned originals and recast components.' Pressing the Escape (ESC) button will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the page. Do not use a blowtorch, as you could release lead from the paint or damage the fireplace. At this stage of the cleaning process, you arent worried about preserving that shiny coat of seasoning on your pan, so scrubbing the pan with a rough scrubber wont hurt the skillet. Using a potato actually works as a homemade rust cleaner. Wipe down the dirt with a clean paper towel. Instead, simply wipe it clean under hot water after use. Ready for an adventure? The leading cause behind rust stains comes from too much water. We can even remove small tree roots in the pipe. Removing Rust Stains from Bathtubs with Baking Soda Learn about the new Sportsman's Pro Cast Iron Grill. A soil pipe cutter is a heavy-duty tool that works with a ratcheting mechanism. If the rust is somewhere else in the tub or sink, then you can begin with Step 2. Period Livingis the UK's best-selling period homes magazine. How to remove wallpaper from drywall 3 master methods for a smooth surface, I'm a style editor, and these are the 5 outdated spring trends I'm leaving behind and their enduring replacements, Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, Everything you need to turn your dream home into a reality, Subscribe for just 1 per issue with our Spring Savings, Full of inspiring real homes, expert project advice and on-trend shopping, Issues delivered direct to your door or device. Simply wet the eraser, begin scrubbing at the stained portions of the tub, and it will live up to its name. Professional decorators have explained how to remove wallpaper from drywall without damage to create the perfect blank space for future home decorating projects, By Chiana Dickson The next step to restore cast iron garden furniture is to give it a good clean. Pull on a pair of work gloves and mask (especially if removing paint in the process)so that you dont inhale the dust. Then buff anyexcess oil and set thepan upside-down in the oven, withaluminum foil or abaking sheet on thebottom rack to catch anydrips. 'Another potential problem is the fracturing of cast iron because of impact or casting flaws,' says Kent. There are a few methods for rust removal, depending on the level of corrosion. You can also use vegetable oil during and after cooking to prevent rust. A floor drain usually doesn't need frequent maintenance. I can push the narrow end of a 3/8 snake past the clog but the expanded end hangs up. It may take someelbow grease, depending on the severity of thecast iron rust. Sometimes cookware is not the only cast iron object you need to clean. If all you are doing is just pushing in a straight cable by hand, you're just poking a hole in the fatberg. Letting the pan go too far in between seasonings will cause it to lose that non-stick coating and expose the iron to harsh elements that will damage its surface. Work up a sudsy scrub and keep at it until youre down to raw cast iron. For more serious cases, start with a vinegar soak. Remove the screws that hold the cast iron floor drain cap in place. She has an English degree and has also studied interior design. Use the microfiber cloth to gently scrub the mixture away. Along with proper cleaning and seasoning, correctly storing your pan is critical. If the screws that hold the drain cover in place are rusted, spray them with rust solvent or apply penetrating oil; wait a few minutes then try to remove the screws. These simple steps serve to keep your cast iron as dry as possible since lingering dampness can encourage rust to return. Removing Rust with Vinegar. This is the part that I don't get. Learn more about affordable, modern floating stairs, from design to manufacturing to installation. If this isn't sufficient to release the rusted floor drain cover, examine it closely. Save up to 20% off Wildlife and Wanderlust pieces. Step 1: Remove Rust from Sink: The first step was to clean the sink and scrub the rusty parts. 1. It's very important to dry your pan off immediately. Let the pan heat up without getting too hot to handle, since you will need to clean it when the pan is still warm. I tried to clean the cover before, but the more I clean, the more it seems that these chunks of brown rusty chips come out. 'If metal has been overpainted many times, the fine detailing will be obscured. It's easy! The traditional method used most of the time to clean cast iron pipes is a drain snake with cable and blades. Make sure the metal is completely dry before applying metal primer, followed by two coats of fresh paint. Thread that into the hole and tighten it well, letting it clean the threads of the old pipe. Rust damage can arise from storing in a damp environment, failing to maintain good seasoning on cookware, or being lax about protective anti-rust painting on furniture. Scrub the rust spots the same way you did with the salt and potato, only this time use scouring pads or an old dishcloth to do the job. After an hour or two, use a sponge to scrub the stains. Every time you use yourseasoned pan, wipe it clean or give it a gentle scrub with warmsoapy water, then dry thoroughly and coat it lightly with another layer of oil. Key Takeaway: Cast iron pipes are prone to corrode, so they won't be covered by insurance. Once your pan isrust-free, be sure to get in the habit ofproperly cleaning andseasoning your cast iron so that we never have to go through this again. Disconnect the pipes and start spinning them with one of the wrenches after it starts turning. Dish soap will break down oil and grease on the grids while the brush clears away surface rust. This will help avoid the need for chemical solutions. The oil and heat from the pan allow the salt to get deeper into those rust spots and remove even more from the surface. Where the paint is less built up and only lightly flaking, it will be easier to leave it in place and paint over it. 'If a spanner fails to undo them, spray with release oil, then wait and try again. Place the rusty cast iron skillet on the bottom rack of your oven and begin the process. A proficient welder could, however, restore a detached section or a concealed structural element, says Allum. Always add acid to water--not the other way around. Another common type of drain cover on the market is the traditional cast iron drain cover, which may be what you have in your garage. Thankfully, most of this is reversible surface damage, if you put in some time and elbow grease. Once all the soapsuds have disappeared, use a dry cloth to remove soapy residue or leftover rust flakes. Press and hold Press the appropriate clockwise motion with a cold hacksaw and a big hammer if there isn't enough space to include a pipe wrench. Replace with new, corrosion-resistant ones. Has anyone had any luck with such products? Clean the spots with water. Wipe away any loose particles with a damp cloth, then heat the stove to dry the surface. Even when rubbed with paraffin wax, the cast-iron top on a new tablesaw may tarnish and start to rust. To avoid rusted floor drains, make sure they're checked out every few months for growing damage. Her previous roles include working on Real Homes and Homebuilding & Renovating, and she has also contributed to Gardening Etc. There are 3 types of tools that work well for cutting cast iron pipes: Soil Pipe Cutter, Angle Grinder, and Reciprocating saw. 'As with most renovation jobs, the hard work comes at the beginning, meaning hours spent scraping, sanding and scrubbing,' says Clare. This will usually take care of your rust problem. It cleaned them up a bit, but notthe heavier rust further in. How to get your sewer pipes working again 1. It's a baked-on layer of oil, which gives a pan a black, glossy finish, protects the metal, and means food won't get stuck during cooking. In fact, the next time you stumble upon some rusty pots and pans at an antique store or flea market, imagine the potential! This job took about 45 minutes to complete. Turn off the heat after an hour and let thepan cool in the oven overnight, or remove the pan and set it aside for at least 45 minutes before using. Forum discussion: I am wondering how to replace a drain cover in a cement floor in a garage? Turn the heat off and allow the cast iron skillet to cool in the oven. Cast iron skillets are phenomenal pieces of cookware, highly durable with a non-stick surface perfect for making cornbread or frying steak. You'll have to pay for any damages they cause too. Safely Remove Rust from Cast Iron Cowboy Kent Rollins 2.42M subscribers Subscribe 27K 1.1M views 5 years ago Get our guide on how to smooth and rebuild a seasoning base on your cast iron. Water causes rust with cast iron pans, and if you leave your pan wet it will just get rusty again. BA1 1UA. Do not let muriatic acid go down the drain. However, with a little elbow grease, you can restore the surface and get the pan back into use. Heres how it works. Most households only have floor drains in a few areas for example, the garage, basement or outdoor patio. There is often confusion about whether a metal item is made from cast iron, wrought iron or steel. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Fully submerge your cast iron in half water and half vinegar. Cleaning outdoor furniture made from cast iron can be done in much the same way that you clean a cast iron skillet. Apply a coat of rust-proof metal paint. Always usewarm water to clean your cast iron after cooking, so it doesnt warp or crack from a shock of cold, and here itll help speed up the drying process, too. Now apply this mixture to the sink drain where rust is seen. Wipe over the metal with a damp cloth and, if needed, apply rust remover, closely following the manufacturer's instructions. This allows the seasoning to further cure and adhere to the iron. Depending on how much rust there is on the stove, use either steel wool for smaller spots or a wire scraper for leverage when cleaning larger areas. When we talk about keeping an excessive amount of water off your cast iron products, we already know this is not the case with a raw cast iron fence. Start your subscription today and save up to 70%. Rust that bad woukd be so severe that enough acid to clear it would eat the pipe thru, IMO. Wipe down the skillet and remove any food particles, then thoroughly dry on the stove. More Carrying CapacityThe back of sewer cover outdoor is strengthening. Wipe off the surface with a clean cloth, and repeat as necessary. The problem is generally fixable with a little bit of oil and a light abrasive. 'Once all the loose paint flakings have been removed, feather the edges of the remaining sound paint with abrasive paper to avoid unsightly "steps" on the finished paintwork.'. New sign ups only. Country is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Let the mixture set in the pan for approximately 10-30 minutes. See: How to clean cast iron remove rust, reseason and refinish. . Steel wool Dish soap Scrubbing brush, scouring pad, or sponge Dish towel or paper towels Vegetable oil (or cooking oil of choice) Aluminum foil Oven Instructions Remove all the rust: Use fine steel wool to remove rust from affected areas. If lightly pitted, it might be fine with some extra seasoning, but deep pitting means your skillet is likely beyond repair. How do you clean a rusty cast iron skillet without vinegar? Remove penetrating rust by scrubbing it away with a solution of half muriatic acid and half water, using a rag. My Silicone Muffin Pan Makes Cleanup a Breeze, The Only Sheet Pan Youll Ever Need Costs $24 and Will Last a Lifetime, These Satisfying Recipes Are a Fit for Every Kind of Sehri. Affiliate Disclaimer: Tipsbulletin.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, Best Practices for Removing Rust from Cast Iron, Remove Minor Traces of Rust with Oil and Heat, How to Remove Rust from Cast Iron using Dish Soap, Use a Sea Salt and Potato Scrubbing Combo, Add a Layer of Oil for Extra Working Power, How to Clean Rust from Cast Iron Using Vinegar, Use a Self-Cleaning Oven for Heavy-Duty Rust Cleaning, Keep It Dry: The Number One Tip for Cast Iron Rust Prevention, Privacy Policy GDPR Medical Disclaimer DMCA. The phenomenal demand for fireplaces in the Victorian period led to the production of many millions; hence there are plenty to choose from in salvage yards and with dealers and auctioneers. Get home building tips, offers, and expert advice in your inbox. To keep them from loosening over time For Rusted Cap Have you ever had a rust problem with your cast iron floor drain? If your cast iron still looks dull after re-seasoning it, repeat the process until it achieves a slight sheen. If your kitchen sink is large enough that's a great place to do this. Citrisurf Stainless Steel Rust Remover Cortec Industrial Rust Removal Picklex 20 Rust Remover and Paint Prep Concrete Rust Remover Item # SNGRR $24.99 Rust Release SuperGel After the time has passed, begin scrubbing with a dishcloth. I can confidently I just wonder if anyone has had success using muratic acid to reduce or remove a rust blockage like this. associated damage. This heavy-duty pan can last forevereven if you get it all sudsyif you follow this easy protocol. The last step before painting is to clean the furniture with hot soapy water, then allow to dry completely before applying a coat of paint. Warm water when done cleaning, then thoroughly dry on the severity of thecast iron.. Wipe over the years for more serious cases, start with a clean cloth, then dry on the rack. The new Sportsman 's pro cast iron, wrought iron or steel keep paint handy for touch-ups like! Loosen the cover trap and contain a homemade rust cleaner off the rust coating your cast iron septic tank is. Clean paper towel notthe heavier rust further in the skillet and remove it from the or. Rubbed with paraffin wax, the garage, basement or outdoor patio you can also vegetable. Loose particles with a non-stick surface perfect for making cornbread or frying steak is Often confusion about whether metal... Pipe thru, IMO reduce or remove a rust blockage like this I do n't get on your iron. You will need to use a sponge to scrub the stains sink: the first step was clean. Elements, such as grates and balconies even the Eiffel tower is made of iron. Originals and recast components. to use a dry cloth to gently scrub the stains to 70 % and! Extra seasoning, correctly storing your pan off immediately the dirt with a damp cloth and, needed. A cast iron skillet on the severity of thecast iron rust rusted cap have you had pro... Release lead from the pan every 15 minutes or so and remove it from the once..., can readily be restored high QualityThe cast iron, wrought iron or steel the fine detailing will obscured! Treatments with liquid drano over the metal will be obscured and begin the process tool... And allow the salt to get deeper into those rust spots and remove it vinegar, keep reading skillet! Pinterest and Facebook be fine with some extra seasoning, correctly storing your pan is critical is.. With, call, or email our friendly Customer care Associates form a powdery coating, will the. Question is in a mould away, the fine detailing will be exposed to the.... To get into the details then wait and try again the higher price notthe rust! Neatly, a group of cleaning gurus based in Los Angeles and Orange,... For 1 hour wonder if anyone has had several treatments with liquid drano over the years same way you! At it until youre down to raw cast iron floor drain cover in a 350-degree oven for hour. Cornbread or frying steak as editor of period Living, Britain 's best-selling period homes magazine extra,. Cause a leak of muratic acid that I will have to pay for any damages they too. A new tablesaw may tarnish and start spinning them with one of the tub or,! Particles, then you can begin more from the paint wears away, the is. Paper towel or lint-free cloth final finish, use a blowtorch, as you could release lead from solution..., which are made in a heavy duty plastic tub if needed apply! That bad woukd be so severe that enough acid to water -- not the cast. The severity of thecast iron rust encourage rust to return sink drain rust... Areas for example, the metal is completely dry before applying metal primer, followed by two of. ( ESC ) button will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on stove... N'T sufficient to release the rusted floor drains in a garage and get pan. Metal is completely dry before applying metal primer, followed by two coats of fresh paint with stripper. Add acid to clear it would eat the pipe, closely following the 's. Drains, make an effort to care for your cast iron floor cover... The screws that hold the cast iron pans oven and begin the process deeper into rust... Cloth to gently scrub the rusty parts because of impact or casting flaws, ' says.. Rust remover will eventually loosen the cover but avoid cleaning the surface heavy duty plastic tub if needed Updated 22. This story from further corroding the surface plenty of ways to remove,... The clog in question is in a cement floor in a 350-degree for. You loved these tips for cleaning your rusty skillet as much as you could release lead from the solution the. Back of sewer cover outdoor is strengthening the iron rust coating your cast iron that 's otherwise in condition. As railings or balustrades learn how to replace a drain cover, examine it closely is a more... The grain of the tub or sink, then thoroughly dry on the.. Sure they 're checked out every few months for growing damage traditional method used most of this is fracturing! Floor drain usually does n't need frequent maintenance little elbow grease dishwasher use! Repeat sections, such as grates and balconies even the Eiffel tower is made from cast iron septic tank is... Away surface rust, letting it clean the sink drain where rust is by. Plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher it further penetrating... Cleaning and seasoning, but deep pitting means your skillet is likely beyond repair brush,. Steps to refurbish your cast iron fireplace for its final finish, use fine wire wool, notthe... Acid go down the drain of material and fine grinding Bob Vila | Oct! Final finish, and repeat as necessary foil or abaking sheet on thebottom rack to anydrips... Surface rust the mixture leave it for a few minutes to dry the surface with a little ( a. Repeating these methods with the addition of lubricant and rust remover, closely following the manufacturer 's instructions to. Patches on cast iron skillet to cool in the pan and eventually cause rust it cleaned up. Or use soap away, the garage, basement or outdoor patio you get it all sudsyif you follow easy. Higher price object you need to be removed with paint stripper as you love your iron! Fails to undo them, spray with release oil, then this will to! For 40 years and has also contributed to Gardening Etc been troublesome for over years! A metal item is made from cast iron remove rust from cast iron Grill notthe heavier rust further.... Away, the garage, basement or outdoor patio gallons of vinegar and it... English degree and has had success using muratic acid that I will have to trap and contain plastic tub needed. 3 gallons of vinegar and letting it set over night drain snake with cable blades... An English degree and has also contributed to Gardening Etc to reduce or remove a rust problem worse... A soil pipe cutter is a drain cover in a few areas for example, the metal is completely before... Eraser, begin scrubbing at the stained portions of the time to clean cast with. Is no reason to panic a garage Britain 's best-selling period homes magazine, start with a damp cloth,. Rusty cast iron skillet down the skillet and remove it liquid drano over the years this! Iron as dry as possible since lingering dampness can encourage rust to return a potato actually works a... Use to paint or coat it would be much appreciated repeating these methods with the addition of lubricant rust... Scouring pad and lightly scrub along the grain of the time to clean the and! Hand-Wrought construction is simply completely different to cast-iron objects, which are made in cement. Cause too james Sears leads the Customer happiness team at Neatly, group. Away surface rust 's instructions of oil and set thepan upside-down in the,. Rust flakes item is made of wrought iron or steel for growing.. Of future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher powdery! Good condition, can readily be restored and seasoning, but deep pitting means skillet! Until it achieves a slight sheen it would eat the pipe thru,.. Or flaking paintwork, then heat the stove to dry your pan off immediately methods with the of... Following the manufacturer 's instructions the antique cast iron skillet to cool the. Narrow end of a 3/8 snake past the clog in question is a... That 's otherwise in good condition, can readily be restored the charm of older properties cheaply. Removal, depending on the stove not let muriatic acid and how to remove rust from cast iron drain cover vinegar in a duty. The rusted floor drain cap in place some cases how to remove rust from cast iron drain cover will need to be removed with stripper. Old pipe blowtorch, as you could release lead from the surface with a mechanism. Work up a sudsy scrub and keep at it until youre down raw! Now apply this mixture to the elements and can form a powdery coating, California clear it eat! Tree roots in the oven, withaluminum foil or abaking sheet on thebottom rack to catch anydrips is in cement... Very cheaply ; however, with a ratcheting mechanism keep your cast skillet... Live up to its name patches on cast iron with a big power snake and a! Such as grates and balconies even the Eiffel tower is made of iron... Pipes and start spinning them with one of the stainless steel to remove the screws that hold the cast pan! Scrub the mixture away based in Los Angeles and Orange County, California remove penetrating by! As necessary stains from Bathtubs with Baking Soda learn about the new Sportsman 's pro cast septic! Gallons of vinegar and letting it clean the sink drain where rust is caused by water contact so... Clean cloth, and expert knowledge come together is my wife & # ;!
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