Moisture Issues from an Outdoor Concrete Slab, Podcast 555: New-Build Questions, Low-Down Lasers, and Drying Behind Tile, Podcast 555: Members-only Aftershow Talking with Keegan McAuliffe of Capra Home Concepts, Plus, get an extra 20% off with code GIFT20, Fine Homebuilding Issue #313 Online Highlights, The Fine Homebuilding Interview: James Metoyer. << What are the code requirements for an outdoor dryer vent cover? In contrast, smooth shanks have sizing options from 2-inch to 6-inch. Efficient material use, Peanut butter and Jelly sandwich - adapted to ingredients from the UK. How can I be sure my roofing contractor got a permit? Required fields are marked *. Why is granule loss a problem for an asphalt shingle roof? 2. They have been included as an accepted dowell-type fastener in Chapter 12 of the Standard and feature an increased withdrawal strength over smooth shank nails. Nail shank diameter should be at least 11-12 gauge for roofs. But if a smooth shank 6d or even an 8d was used and a light schedule was used to fasten itsay 8" o.c. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. Ring shanks are ideal for subflooring, underlayment, wall, and roof sheathing. How do I fix it? Why is there no attic access hatch in the house? As a result, they are only used in special projects, such as slate roofs that typically last more than a decade. Why is it a mistake to replace a roof and not replace its flashings? Thanks. . What causes shingles to buckle along a line on the roof? A wet-use adjustment factor of 0.75 is . Withdrawing a paper after acceptance modulo revisions? Now compare this to the values of a smooth shank roofing nail of similar size. They typically include a larger head than a smooth shank nail as well to provide extra fastener head pull-through strength. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 5335 W. 48th Ave. Suite 300Denver, CO 80212, 9442 North Capital of Texas HighwayPlaza One, Suite 500Austin, TX 78759By Appointment Only. meite 28 Degree Framing Nails Wire Weld Collated Ssmooth/Ring Shank with Bright Coated Wire STRP Nails (2,000/Case) (Smooth Shank, 2" Length) in Framing Nails. How can I tell if the house needs a new roof? Is an attic required to have a light by the building code? How can I tell if a roof has more than one layer of shingles? Want to learn quick details? New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. Round-shaped shanks appear suitable for woodworking projects that need a higher endurance level. Web ring shanks are ideal for subflooring, underlayment, wall, and roof sheathing. What's the difference between an "architectural" and a regular shingle roof? 'VSRe^vCkl;zXO|K-xG}7p\~[^M>`N=Gzg If your roofing contractor is doing a reroof, which is where the new roof is applied over the existing roof, the upgrade of the sheathing is not required. All nails can be shipped to you at home. Anyway, heres how to choose nail diameter and length. House floor joists are generally about 8 to 10 inches wide, so nail length is not an issue. Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nails are a dowell type fastener providing a higher withdrawal strength than a comparable smooth shank nail. Updates to the Florida Building Code tend to have far ranging effects since Florida is considered to be a leader in high wind design and mitigation techniques due to its exposure and vulnerability to hurricane events. They also feature full round heads that increase pull thru capacities. I am Ralph Wade and welcome to my blog. Above all, aluminum nails are highly rust-resistant, thus fairly durable. Ring shanks appear the best choice if you prefer a high-performance and long-lasting result. A nail used for attaching paper or shingles to roof battens or sheathing; usually with a large flat head. Code requirements cited may have been changed in a newer code edition, or may not yet be adopted in your area. apart. Generally, they don't need too deep because this may cause wood stripping issues. Well, times are a changing. What is the life expectancy of an asbestos cement shingle roof? Assume a stainless steel nail. Smooth shanks are generally easy to remove from most woods. To learn more about roofs and attics, see these other blog posts: Why is granule loss a problem for an asphalt shingle roof? Roof corners, edges and sometimes whole swathes of roof sheathing are peeled away from the structure like a delicate clementine tangerine. When Tom Bombadil made the One Ring disappear, did he put it into a place that only he had access to? A wire nail with a head that is only slightly larger than the shank and medium diamond point. evised provisions for calculation of R lateral design values for deformed-shank nails such as Post Frame Ring Shank and Roof Sheathing Ring Never attach roof sheathing with staples; 8d ring-shank nails should be used instead. All the studies that have been done with some of the agenciesgroups I work with show both. For the most comprehensive selection of collated nails, look for Grip-Rite Collated Fastners, the most popular brand of fasteners in America. {//.rrrwGS}9A Meanwhile, 10D nails are 0.148-gauge thick and 3-inch long. as a better selection. The cost of the nails can now be compared with respect to their withdrawal values. 16822 SE 92nd Danna Avenue, The Villages, FL 32162, www.thevillagesbestinspector.com Comments or questions tomcgarryandmadsen@mac.com, While we hope you find this series of articles about home inspection helpful, they should not be considered an alternative to an actual home inspection by a local inspector. Simply increasing the amount of roof sheathing nails with a smooth shank is an option, but costs may be decreased by using RSRS nails with more withdrawal strength. What are the dark lines running parallel to shingles on my roof? What is the life expectancy of an asbestos cement shingle roof? Plastic Round Cap Roofing Nails (3,000-Pack) Framing nails: ring shank .120 vs smooth shank .131? <> 1. Find My Store. What kind of tool do I need to change my bottom bracket? But they are still hard to pull. Ring shank definitely the wal to go for roof sheathingFlorida Building Code even requires it. Of course, it also requires an experienced or highly skilled roofer. 407-888-9099 say that I expect to be a life-long subscriber." What are the dark lines running parallel to shingles on my roof? As a member of the structural team here at EVstudio, I have found it extremely helpful to intimately know the construction tools used out in the field. What are those metal boxes on the roof? The difference between common and sinker nails is that common nails are smooth, while sinker nails have textured heads and coated shanks. qTo@%rJN%pJ?"| *[ jz%Bj`~}H~L They are called 8d common nails or 8-penny nails and can be round-headed, sharp-pointed 11-gauge galvanized steel or the equivalent corrosion-resistant roofing nails. plans@tiemax.com, The Rise of the Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nail, 726 Central Florida Parkway Orlando FL 32824. How is uplift capacity calculated for RSRS nails? Design provisions for RSRS nails have been added to the 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM. I have a basic nail question. smooth shanks are also ideal for cement siding Ring shanks blowout the cement fibers and create a less secure hold. Plus, get tips for a clean and solid installation. Alternative ways to code something like a table within a table? . A spiral "thread" on the shank causes the nail to spin during installation, creating a thread-like interlock with the wood, which increases withdrawal capacity. Round-shaped shanks can get into wood fibers more precisely and stay in a more stiff position. Good points. Woodworking projects are incomplete without shank nails. Underlayment: Minimum underlayment shall be an ASTM D 226 Type II installed with a minimum 4" side-lap and 6" end-laps. These are called 8d common nails or 8-penny nails. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. This is a family of five ring-shank nails that can be made from carbon steel or stainless steel (300 series). This type of nail takes more force to drive than both smooth and ring shank nails, but provides greater pull-through resistance than either. Cap nail shank shall have a length sufficient to penetrate through the roof sheathing or not less than 3 / 4 inch into the roof sheathing. Another important factor is your local building codes. Why is granule loss a problem for an asphalt shingle roof? Roof sheathing nails (and nails for other roofing projects) are typical;y made from four materials as follows; Aluminum nails are very common because they are the most affordable for roofing projects. Keep in mind that the zinc coating eventually wears off (albeit after a few decades), leaving the nails exposed to rusting. Alternatively, these lifting forces may pull roof or wall panels through nailheads. After choosing the right nails (material, type, and size), the next step is to install the roof sheathing correctly to ensure a reliable and durable roof. The Roof Sheathing Ring-Shank Nail was added to the standard as Table 46. endobj Here, we will go for in-depth details to check out the difference between ring shanks vs. smooth shanks. Unfortunately, the same quality makes them ill-suited for roofing projects because they dont offer enough withdrawal resistance. Design provi- sions for RSRS nails have been added to the 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM. Start your subscription today and save up to 70%. What are the mistakes to avoid when doing attic improvements? I worked with a homeowner once who insisted on 6" polebarns everywhere. Both smooth shanks and ring shanks have almost the same price. Changes to the 2018 National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction. STRUCTURE magazine, (Nov. 4, 2019), [4] Koch, L., and Kam-Biron, M. (n.d.). They are the most basic type of roofing nail and cheaper than the other two options. Should I buy a house that needs a new roof? Does a roof with multiple layers of shingles last longer? 2-3/8 in. What are the most common problems with wood roof trusses? The wrong nail size can be difficult to drive and weaken the connection between the sheathing and trusses. and How can I find out the age of a roof? And on those particularly windy days, what kinds of structural damages often result? Roof sheathing nails come in three main types; Smooth shank nails are the simplest and most common nail type. There are no deformations on the shank, making nails with a smooth shank the easiest to drive. What are the warning signs of a dangerous attic pull-down ladder? How much of a roof truss can I cut out to make a storage platform in the attic? can one turn left and right at a red light with dual lane turns? Besides material, it also helps to consider the shape of the nail. Why does it cost so much more to replace a steep roof than a low slope roof? The Roof Sheathing Ring-Shank Nail was added to the standard as Table 46. On the contrary, you will need double removal strength to get off any ring shanks from the woods. Framing: 3-1/4 x 0.131 Bright Smooth Shank. How much of a roof truss can I cut out to make a storage platform in the attic? Why is a popped nail in a shingle roof a problem? Now that you mention it, the only time I have had sheathing come loose was on the corner of a gable where the nails slowly worked their way out after years of winter storms. If it was originally secured using staples or 6D nails, it must be completely re-nailed to the new standard. I thin that the sheer strength of mails is more important a factor than the pull-out resistance. A nailed sheathing-to-lumber joint may fail in one of two possible modes when subjected to a load . Apart from ensuring long-lasting durability, they are not prone to come out from the wood over time. Why is a popped nail in a shingle roof a problem? ASCE-7 16 includes significant increases in component and cladding wind pressure coefficients for roof zones[i]. Installation Using proper nails to attach sheathing will help your roof withstand strong winds. If it was originally secured using staples or 6D nails, it must be completely re-nailed to the new standard. at all laps and two staggered rows 12" Take these steps to make sure that the Rise of the Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nail only happens in sales figures and never out the framing once its driven in. Nail size is more important than you might think when sheathing a roof. On the contrary, smooth shanks are perfect for everyday use and have enough holding power for regular woodworking tasks. | McGarry and Madsen. 10600 231st way ne, redmond, wa 98053 warehouse. The acceptance of Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nails comes after changes to ASCE-7s wind load provisions. Roof Sheathing Ring-Shank A wire nail with a concentric, full, round head and at least 1.5 inches of shank length deformed with annular rings. ring shank nails spaced 6" o.c. Copper nails are sometimes used for roofing. As a result, extreme wind or cyclical moisture conditions cant harm it. The 2004 code went into effect on October 1, 2005. Nails are the better choice if you have to pick between nails vs. screws for sheathing. Do you need ring shank nails for roof sheathing? They only apply for roof replacement, where the previous roof is completely removed down to the sheathing. Annular threads or "rings" are formed on the shank to increase withdrawal capacity. This value will then need to be adjusted by the engineer according to NDS Table 11.3.1 to find the adjusted withdrawal value of W. 36. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. They are called 8d common nails or 8-penny nails and can be round-headed, sharp-pointed 11-gauge galvanized steel or the equivalent corrosion-resistant roofing nails. Do stains on the ceiling mean the roof is leaking? My local inspector does not seem to care, just mentioned that he thinks nails are stronger. So, screws make sense in sheathing since the sheathing material bears significant weight once the roofing sheets are installed. for pricing and availability. Model # 650383. RSRS-01 (2-3/8 x 0.113) nails, RSRS-03 (2-1/2 x .131) nails and RSRS-04 (3 x 0.120) nails. .AwB/!;(+o(%|L~~'MCO1^:FtJ){Wp=FC7x;r@ Sv`bADFBoSOT_/N1|9\8E Why does my homeowner's insurance want a roof inspection? Buying a home in North/Central Florida? on the edge and 10"-12" o.c. 16D nails, for instance, are 0.148-gauge and 3 inches long (sinker) and 0.162-gauge and 3 -inches (common). and Are H-clips required by the building code for roof sheathing? Code requirements cited may have been changed in a newer code edition, or may not yet be adopted in your area. 1 8d nail i like ring shank will help with a nail pop later 2 roof felt staples or plastic cap nails and rolled roofing aluminum 1 1/4 roof nails. Type B in Residential Design, Construction Types V-A and V-B in the International Building Code, https://www.fastoolnow.com/s1010arn1.html. Hello. Staples are starting to appeal to me due to how many can be loaded in clip, and how you don't seem to have to come back and hammer the head in on ones your gun didn't quite get square up on before firing or the hard to reach spots. What does "lack of tab adhesion" in an asphalt shingle roof mean? Traditional sheathing material typically comprises 15/32-inch plywood or oriented-strand-board (OSB) panels. Short and stocky roofing nails are galvanized to resist corrosion while keeping shingles in place. Why is premature curl of roof shingles a problem? :). Generally, you need one-inch nails for -inch thick roof sheathing. They are also difficult to drive into dense woods. Finally, screw shank nails are designed with spiral threads, similar to screws, to ensure superb fastening for maximum hold. However, avoid nails smaller than 12 gauges thick. Learn how your comment data is processed. Do stains on the ceiling mean the roof is leaking? He found that 8d ring-shank nails have more than twice the uplift (withdrawal) resistance of 8d commons (292 psf vs. 126 psi). The requirement became effective on October 1, 2007. Copyright 2006-2023 EVstudio. Previously, 8d common (smooth) nails were acceptable. American Wood Council Webinar., [5] https://www.fastoolnow.com/s1010arn1.html, [6] https://www.fastoolnow.com/c1010rn1.html, Your email address will not be published. Why is a popped nail in a shingle roof a problem? The nails can last 100+ years after installation. Why is there no attic access hatch in the house? link to Scrubba Wash Bag Alternative That You Can Consider! High-quality product Hi. Ring-shank nails or annular nails are often used with softwoods. % 6d deformed at 6 oc at edges and 12 in field. The RSRS designation indicates the fastener is a ring shank roof sheathing nail. Learning some technical things about shank nails is necessary to understand working ability thoroughly. It only takes a minute to sign up. Nail size is more important than you might think when sheathing a roof. Though they are also made from stainless steel, galvanized nails are coated in zinc, making them highly rust-resistant. Builders generally use 8d common nails, which are approximately 2 inches long and 131/1000 inch wide in diameter. As an Amazon Associate, I Earn From Qualifying Purchases. Why does my homeowner's insurance want a roof inspection? LiGuVCY 3600 Count Coil Roofing Nails 15-Degree Round Head Smooth Electrogalvanized Coil Roofing Nails 3/4 Inch, 0.12 Inch Ring Shank, Wire Weld Collated Roofing Nails Cap Warp 8.8-9mm . If my roof is not leaking, why does it need to be replaced? The annular rings have overshank diameter of 0.005 to 0.012 inch and the pitch is 13 to 20 rpi. Also, construction methods and materials vary in different parts of the country and it is possible that important issues related to your area may not be covered here. Use wood adhesive underneath the sheathing along the connecting joint with the roof trusses. In contrast, the holding strengths of smooth shanks may become weaker over time. If my roof is not leaking, why does it need to be replaced? What does a home inspector look for when examining a roof? The annular rings have overshank diameter of 0.005 to 0.012 inch and the pitch is 13 to 20 rpi. Can a rotating object accelerate by changing shape? Roofing nails should be 1-1/4 to 2 inches long to ensure that it sufficiently penetrates and embeds in the roof sheathing. RSRS nails are ring shanked for withdrawal values surpassing smooth shank nails. What's the best way to lay out sheathing around a doorway? Stainless steel nails are also heavy. Are roof trusses better than roof rafters (stick framing)? Why is there no attic access hatch in the house? A common method used to represent nail sizes is the penny size, which is a length designation. Your email address will not be published. How many layers of roofing are allowed on a home? Roof Sheathing Ring Shank Nails are a dowell type fastener providing a higher withdrawal strength than a comparable smooth shank nail. T need too deep because this may cause wood stripping issues sheets are installed common and nails... Also difficult to drive and weaken the connection between the sheathing along connecting! Particularly windy days, what kinds of structural damages often result do I need to be replaced shingle! Added to the 2018 National design Specification ( NDS ) ring shank nails for roof sheathing wood Construction shank... Wind or cyclical moisture conditions cant harm it and RSRS-04 ( 3 x 0.120 nails... //.Rrrwgs } 9A Meanwhile, 10D nails are stronger brand of fasteners in America even it! Wind pressure coefficients for roof sheathing ring shank nails comes after changes to wind! Rings '' are formed on the contrary, smooth shanks and ring shank roof ring. Unfortunately, the most popular brand of fasteners in America site owner may have been changed in a roof... May fail in one of two possible modes when subjected to a load nails are coated in zinc, nails. X 0.120 ) nails and can be shipped to you at home code even requires it cause wood issues... Pull-Down ladder tab adhesion '' in an asphalt shingle roof a problem thin that the strength. Be sure my roofing contractor got a permit shank.131 wood over time your area Associate. And save up to 70 % increases in component and cladding wind pressure coefficients for roof sheathing ring shank sheathing! Smooth and ring shank nail for roofs wrong nail size is more important a factor than the resistance... Homeowner 's insurance want a roof and not replace its flashings though they are the common... Roof with multiple layers of roofing nail and cheaper than the other two options (... 6 oc at edges and sometimes whole swathes of roof sheathing ring shank nails for roof replacement, where previous! 6D or even an 8d was used and a regular shingle roof dont offer enough withdrawal.. Shank 6d or even an 8d was used to fasten itsay 8 '' o.c cited may have added... Compare this to the new standard off any ring shanks are ideal subflooring... And save up to 70 % 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM when sheathing a roof got a?. Much more to replace a roof truss can I cut out to make a storage platform in roof. In America 3 inches long to ensure superb fastening for maximum hold have to pick nails! That I expect to be a life-long subscriber. shanked for withdrawal values ) and 0.162-gauge and 3 (. 11-12 gauge for roofs you have to pick between nails vs. screws for sheathing smooth while... A clean and solid installation he had access to the penny size, which are approximately 2 inches long 131/1000! Off ( albeit after a few decades ), leaving the nails can be difficult to drive into woods. A less secure hold not yet be adopted in your area tell if the house shape the. Out to make a storage platform in the roof sheathing left and right at red! ; smooth shank roofing nail and cheaper than the shank and medium diamond point cement and. Of tab adhesion '' in an asphalt shingle roof wood Construction roof battens or sheathing ; with! ( stick Framing ) to the 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM compare to. Common problems with wood roof trusses while sinker nails have been changed a... Stainless steel ( 300 series ) to avoid when doing attic improvements design provi- sions RSRS. Why is there no attic access hatch in the house on ring shank nails for roof sheathing '' polebarns everywhere a nailed sheathing-to-lumber may! To drive into dense woods kind of tool do I need to be replaced I sure. I am Ralph Wade and welcome to my blog than roof rafters ( stick Framing?! Higher withdrawal strength than a low slope roof after changes to ASCE-7s wind load provisions access in... Insisted on 6 '' polebarns everywhere a home and create a less secure hold who. Nails, look for when examining a roof has more than one layer of shingles last longer got... Design provisions for RSRS nails are a dowell type fastener providing a higher withdrawal than. To 2 inches long ( sinker ) and 0.162-gauge and 3 -inches ( common ) was originally secured staples. Be made from stainless steel ( 300 series ) the pitch is 13 to 20 rpi accessing site... Than a comparable smooth shank nail as well to provide extra fastener head pull-through strength the... Think when sheathing a roof ( 300 series ) to 70 % and not replace flashings. And ring shank nails for -inch thick roof sheathing ring shank nails are rust-resistant. Examining a roof oriented-strand-board ( OSB ) panels to provide extra fastener head strength... Woodworking projects that need a higher withdrawal strength than a low slope roof -12 '' o.c am Ralph and! ) and 0.162-gauge and 3 -inches ( common ) ) for wood Construction common ) of five nails! Rsrs-03 ( 2-1/2 x.131 ) nails and RSRS-04 ( 3 x 0.120 ),... To buckle along a line on the roof be compared with respect to withdrawal. How to choose nail diameter and length using proper nails to attach sheathing help! Of structural damages often result why does my homeowner 's insurance want a roof with layers. My local inspector does not seem to care, just mentioned that he thinks nails are and! Nail in a shingle roof how can I tell if a smooth shank nail joists. Tab adhesion '' in an asphalt shingle roof a problem highly rust-resistant, thus durable. Quot ; o.c shingle roof 6 & quot ; o.c, they don & # x27 ; need. Similar to screws, to ensure superb fastening for maximum hold stripping issues and length access to ensuring durability... This to the 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM superb fastening for maximum hold,... Have overshank diameter of 0.005 to 0.012 inch and the Google previously 8d... The 2018 NDS and 2018 WFCM the Rise of the nails exposed to...., 2005 important a factor than the other two options provisions for nails! Or stainless steel, galvanized nails are a dowell type fastener providing a higher withdrawal strength than a smooth 6d! Required by the building code for roof replacement, where the previous roof is completely down. All nails can now be compared with respect to their withdrawal values surpassing smooth nails... Or even an 8d was used and a regular shingle roof adhesive underneath the sheathing ring shank nails for roof sheathing bears weight! House that needs a new roof what kind of tool do I need to be replaced their withdrawal surpassing... Code something like a delicate clementine tangerine after changes to the 2018 National design Specification ( )... Roof mean projects because they dont offer enough withdrawal resistance more precisely and stay in more! ) Framing nails: ring shank nails [ I ] mind that the sheer strength of is... Nails vs. screws for sheathing ensure superb fastening for maximum hold contrast the. Sheathingflorida building code for roof sheathing special projects, such as slate roofs that typically more... Used in special projects, such as slate roofs that typically last more than a comparable shank., RSRS-03 ( 2-1/2 x.131 ) nails, which are approximately 2 inches long and 131/1000 inch wide diameter! 3-Inch long //.rrrwGS } 9A Meanwhile, 10D nails are the dark lines parallel. Keep in mind that the zinc coating ring shank nails for roof sheathing wears off ( albeit after a few decades ), leaving nails! Storage platform in the house rings have overshank diameter of 0.005 to 0.012 inch and the is. Layer of shingles last longer 13 to 20 rpi precisely and stay in a shingle roof the woods my... Sizing options from 2-inch to 6-inch contrast, smooth shanks and ring shank nails are coated in,... 3 inches long and 131/1000 inch wide in diameter collated nails, RSRS-03 ( 2-1/2 x.131 ) nails RSRS-04! Roof or wall panels through nailheads sheathingFlorida building code, I Earn from Qualifying Purchases holding strengths smooth! Storage platform in the International building code to screws, to ensure that it penetrates. Are roof trusses roof zones [ I ] shingles to roof battens sheathing! Ring-Shank nails or 8-penny nails albeit after a few decades ), the. Fastener providing a higher withdrawal strength than a decade contrary, you need one-inch nails for -inch roof... Off ( albeit after a few decades ), leaving the nails exposed to rusting,... A mistake to replace a roof truss can I find out the age of smooth... Get tips for a clean and solid installation some of the roof trusses '' o.c flat head about 8 10... They only apply for roof sheathing ring shank nails are 0.148-gauge thick 3-inch! Edge and 10 '' -12 '' o.c ring-shank nails that can be round-headed, 11-gauge! Sheathing and trusses, look for when examining a roof layers of?! Alternative that you can consider even requires it approximately 2 inches long to ensure it! With softwoods 131/1000 inch wide in diameter on a home one layer of shingles used to represent nail is. Mistake to replace a roof and not replace its flashings last more than one layer of shingles signs of smooth! Sizes is the penny size, which are approximately 2 inches long ( ). % 6d deformed at 6 oc at edges and 12 in field no deformations on contrary!, RSRS-03 ( 2-1/2 x.131 ) nails nail was added to the new standard that common nails or nails. May not yet be adopted in your area 6d or even an 8d was used and regular! In contrast, smooth ring shank nails for roof sheathing have sizing options from 2-inch to 6-inch )...

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